A.
Acute inflammation of nerve endings.
✓
B.
Damage to nerve fibers due to chronic hyperglycemia and microvascular complications.
✓
C.
Demyelination due to autoimmune attack.
✓
D.
Compression of spinal nerves.
✓
A.
Atrial contraction against a stiff ventricle.
✓
B.
Rapid ventricular filling in a dilated and failing ventricle.
✓
D.
Pericardial friction rub.
✓
B.
Conservative management with NPO, IV fluids, and nasogastric tube until bowel function returns.
✓
D.
Administration of opioids only.
✓
A.
Increased cardiac output.
✓
B.
Inadequate cardiac output to meet metabolic demands of peripheral tissues.
✓
C.
Increased red blood cell count.
✓
D.
Enhanced oxygen delivery.
✓
A.
Oral antiarrhythmics.
✓
B.
Immediate defibrillation and CPR.
✓
A.
Increased erythropoietin production.
✓
B.
Decreased erythropoietin production by the damaged kidneys.
✓
D.
Vitamin B12 deficiency.
✓
B.
Combination of neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, and impaired wound healing.
✓
D.
Increased immune response.
✓
A.
Directly dissolves existing clots.
✓
B.
Enhances the activity of antithrombin, thereby inhibiting various coagulation factors (e.g., thrombin, Factor Xa).
✓
C.
Inhibits platelet aggregation.
✓
D.
Blocks Vitamin K epoxide reductase.
✓
B.
Accumulation of hydrophilic mucopolysaccharides in the dermis.
✓
B.
Obstruction of pulmonary arterial blood flow, leading to V/Q mismatch and hypoxemia.
✓
C.
Alveolar inflammation.
✓
A.
Impaired renal excretion of acid.
✓
B.
Tissue hypoperfusion leading to anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid production.
✓
D.
Overproduction of ketone bodies.
✓
B.
Inflammation and damage to hepatocytes due to alcohol metabolism products.
✓
C.
Gallstone obstruction.
✓
A.
To administer oral antibiotics.
✓
B.
Immediate assessment for eligibility for reperfusion therapy (fibrinolysis or PCI) to minimize myocardial damage.
✓
C.
To administer pain medication only.
✓
D.
To observe and monitor.
✓
A.
Increased potassium excretion.
✓
B.
Shift of potassium from intracellular to extracellular space in exchange for hydrogen ions.
✓
C.
Decreased potassium intake.
✓
D.
Increased aldosterone.
✓
A.
Obstruction of the urinary tract.
✓
B.
Ischemic or nephrotoxic injury to renal tubular cells.
✓
C.
Reduced renal perfusion.
✓
D.
Glomerular inflammation.
✓
B.
Immediate administration of IV diuretics and vasodilators to reduce preload and afterload and improve cardiac function.
✓
D.
Only oxygen therapy.
✓
B.
Diabetic foot infection, often with osteomyelitis, requiring urgent antibiotic treatment and debridement.
✓
D.
Venous insufficiency.
✓
A.
Direct bacterial infection.
✓
B.
Immune complex deposition in the glomeruli.
✓
B.
Immediate neurosurgical consultation for potential clipping or coiling of aneurysm and blood pressure management.
✓
