A.
Increases insulin secretion.
✓
B.
Inhibits sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 in the renal tubules, leading to increased glucose excretion in the urine.
✓
C.
Decreases hepatic glucose production.
✓
D.
Increases insulin sensitivity.
✓
A.
Increased bone formation.
✓
B.
Impaired calcium and phosphate homeostasis, leading to bone remodeling abnormalities.
✓
C.
Decreased parathyroid hormone.
✓
D.
Increased Vitamin D activation.
✓
B.
To urgently achieve reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium to limit infarct size and preserve cardiac function.
✓
C.
To prevent infection.
✓
D.
To reduce fluid overload.
✓
A.
Excess catecholamines.
✓
B.
Deficiency of cortisol and aldosterone, leading to volume depletion and vascular collapse.
✓
C.
Increased blood pressure.
✓
A.
Direct kidney damage.
✓
B.
Severe renal vasoconstriction in the setting of advanced liver disease, without primary kidney pathology.
✓
D.
Glomerular inflammation.
✓
B.
Aldosterone deficiency, leading to impaired renal potassium excretion.
✓
C.
Increased potassium intake.
✓
A.
Increased cerebral blood flow.
✓
B.
Cerebral vasoconstriction due to decreased PCO2? and decreased ionized calcium.
✓
C.
Decreased oxygen levels.
✓
D.
Increased heart rate.
✓
B.
Surgical debridement of necrotic tissue and broad-spectrum antibiotics to prevent sepsis.
✓
C.
Pain management only.
✓
A.
Decreased intracranial pressure.
✓
B.
Increased intracranial pressure (ICP), leading to brain herniation and neurological deterioration.
✓
C.
Improved cerebral blood flow.
✓
D.
Enhanced neurotransmission.
✓
A.
Normal immune function.
✓
B.
Severe immunosuppression due to CD4+ T cell depletion.
✓
C.
Hyperactive immune response.
✓
A.
Acute inflammation of the retina.
✓
B.
Microvascular damage and abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina due to chronic hyperglycemia.
✓
D.
Increased intraocular pressure.
✓
B.
Administration of bicarbonate (if severe) and addressing the underlying cause of AKI.
✓
A.
Vasodilation and decreased fluid retention.
✓
B.
Vasoconstriction, sodium and water retention, and cardiac remodeling, leading to worsening heart failure.
✓
C.
Improved cardiac contractility.
✓
D.
Decreased afterload.
✓
A.
Impaired gastric emptying.
✓
B.
Fibrosis and scarring of the esophageal wall.
✓
A.
Myocardial infarction.
✓
C.
Aortic dissection, requiring urgent surgical consultation and blood pressure control.
✓
A.
Increased bone density.
✓
B.
Reduced bone density and structural integrity, leading to increased fracture risk.
✓
C.
Increased bone formation.
✓
D.
Normal bone remodeling.
✓
B.
Intrinsic (intra-renal) AKI.
✓
D.
Chronic kidney disease.
✓
B.
To increase CO2? excretion to compensate for the metabolic acidosis.
✓
C.
To increase oxygen intake.
✓
D.
To decrease respiratory rate.
✓
A.
To reduce heart rate.
✓
B.
To increase systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure to improve tissue perfusion.
✓
C.
To decrease cardiac output.
✓
D.
To increase urine output.
✓
