MCQs

Correct: Bones store calcium and phosphorus; mineral loss decreases bone density. A: Bones are not endocrine organs. C: Bones do not produce digestive enzymes. D: Glycogen is stored mainly in liver and muscles. Concept: Mineral storage function of bone.

Correct: Chondrocytes occupy lacunae within cartilage. A: Canaliculi connect bone cells. C: Osteons are structural units of compact bone. D: Haversian canals contain blood vessels in bone. Concept: Microscopic structure of cartilage.

Correct: Calcium salts provide rigidity and hardness. A: Elasticity depends mainly on collagen. C: Bones do not contract. D: Bones do not conduct nerve impulses. Concept: Mineral composition of bone.

Correct: Epiphyseal cartilage is gradually replaced by bone during growth. B, C, D: These processes do not occur at growth plates. Concept: Bone growth and ossification.

Correct: Bone is vascular, whereas cartilage is avascular. A: Both contain living cells. B: Both possess extracellular matrices. D: Both contribute to support, although bone is the primary supporting tissue. Concept: Comparison between bone and cartilage.

Correct: Articular cartilage provides a smooth surface for movement and absorbs shock. A: Blood cells form in bone marrow. C: Calcium is mainly stored in bone. D: Tendons attach muscles to bones. Concept: Functions of cartilage.

Correct: Removal of mineral salts leaves collagen fibers, making the bone flexible. A: Brittleness occurs when collagen is removed. C: Organic matrix remains intact. D: The bone can bend after decalcification. Concept: Role of inorganic and organic components of bone.

Correct: Cartilage is avascular, so nutrients diffuse through the matrix, making repair slow. A: Bone is richly vascularized. B: Muscle has a good blood supply. D: Tendons receive more blood than cartilage. Concept: Vascularity and healing.

Correct: Bone hardness results from deposition of calcium phosphate and other mineral salts. A: Collagen provides tensile strength but not hardness alone. C: Elastic fibers increase flexibility. D: Chondrin is characteristic of cartilage. Concept: Composition of bone matrix.

Correct: Hyaline cartilage is flexible and resilient, allowing structures like the nose to bend and regain shape. A: Compact bone is rigid. C: Skeletal muscle contracts rather than providing structural flexibility. D: Dense connective tissue lacks the elasticity of cartilage. Concept: Structure-function relationship of cartilage.

The key distinction is the direction of the reference within the text.

It refers back to the committee, an anaphoric reference.

She refers forward to the ambassador, making it cataphoric.

It refers back to manuscript, making it an anaphoric reference.

He comes before Salman, making it cataphoric.

It refers back to the orchestra, which is an anaphoric reference.

Repeating Hira removes ambiguity, making the reference clear.

The pronoun appears before the performers, so it is cataphoric.

She refers to teacher, and it refers to topic, both backward references.