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Practice Questions

57. A medicinal study finds a statistically significant result (p < 0.05), but the sample size was very small. What critical implication does this have for the reliability of the finding?

A. Small sample size makes the finding more reliable.
B. Small sample size can lead to unstable estimates and findings that may not replicate in larger studies.
C. The p-value is always accurate regardless of sample size.
D. The study had high power.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

53. A medicinal study aims to determine if a new drug is non-inferior to an existing drug. What critical difference in hypothesis testing approach is required compared to a superiority trial?

A. The null hypothesis assumes the new drug is inferior by a pre-specified margin.
B. The null hypothesis assumes the new drug is superior.
C. The significance level is ignored.
D. Non-inferiority trials do not use hypothesis testing.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

50. A critical situational decision needs to be made about whether to continue a clinical trial for a new drug that has shown very small, but statistically significant, benefits in early analyses. What urgency is involved in considering both statistical and clinical significance?

A. To immediately stop the trial because of small benefits.
B. To weigh the statistical significance against the clinical relevance and potential harms, recognizing that a statistically significant effect may not be clinically meaningful.
C. To continue the trial regardless of clinical significance.
D. To only consider the p-value.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

49. In hypothesis testing, what technical term represents the hypothesis that there is no effect or no difference?

A. Alternative hypothesis.
B. Research hypothesis.
C. Null hypothesis.
D. Statistical hypothesis.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

47. A medicinal study reports a confidence interval for the mean treatment effect as (0.1,0.5). What is the critical interpretation regarding the null hypothesis of no effect?

A. The null hypothesis of no effect is likely true.
B. The null hypothesis of no effect can be rejected because the interval does not include zero.
C. The drug is harmful.
D. The confidence interval is too wide.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

43. A medicinal study is testing a new drug for a rare disease. What critical challenge does the rarity of the disease pose for sample size calculation?

A. It makes it easier to recruit participants.
B. It often necessitates a very large sample size to detect a meaningful effect, which can be challenging to achieve.
C. Sample size is irrelevant for rare diseases.
D. It means the drug will always be effective.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

41. A technical standard deviation of 0 indicates that all data points in a dataset are:

A. Widely dispersed.
B. Identical.
C. Normally distributed.
D. Heavily skewed.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

40. In a critical situational context, a statistician identifies that a dataset contains significant missing values, particularly for a key outcome variable. What is the urgency from a biostatistical perspective?

A. To immediately impute all missing values.
B. To investigate the pattern of missingness and assess its potential impact on bias and the validity of results.
C. To ignore the missing values if they are less than 5%.
D. To discard all records with missing values.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

39. A medicinal trial concludes that a new drug is effective based on a p-value less than 0.05. However, there was a high loss to follow-up among participants. What critical biostatistical concern arises?

A. The p-value is too high.
B. The study had too much power.
C. Loss to follow-up can introduce bias and threaten the internal validity of the study.
D. The drug is definitely effective.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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