Practice Questions

A patient with a genetic mutation develops cystic fibrosis. The primary defect in cystic fibrosis involves:

A. Impaired hemoglobin synthesis.
B. Abnormal chloride transport across cell membranes.
C. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells.
D. Defective muscle protein.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections develops chronic pyelonephritis. This primarily involves:

A. Inflammation of the bladder only.
B. Chronic inflammation of the kidney parenchyma and renal pelvis.
C. Glomerular inflammation.
D. Formation of kidney stones.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient experiences hypovolemic shock. The body’s initial compensatory mechanism involves:

A. Vasodilation to increase blood flow.
B. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
C. Decreased heart rate.
D. Increased urine output.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient develops a thrombus in a coronary artery, leading to myocardial infarction. This is a common consequence of atherosclerosis, which involves:

A. Arterial vasodilation.
B. Hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup.
C. Venous inflammation.
D. Increased arterial elasticity.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) experiences joint inflammation and destruction. RA is an autoimmune disease characterized by:

A. Autoantibodies attacking the neuromuscular junction.
B. Systemic inflammation mediated by immune complexes and T-cells, primarily affecting synovial joints.
C. Destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
D. Increased red blood cell destruction.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with chronic stress experiences prolonged activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to increased cortisol levels. This can result in:

A. Enhanced immune function.
B. Decreased blood glucose levels.
C. Impaired immune function and increased risk of infection.
D. Improved sleep patterns.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient develops a keloid scar after surgery. This is an example of dysfunctional wound healing characterized by:

A. Normal scar formation.
B. Excessive collagen formation, extending beyond the original wound boundaries.
C. Incomplete wound closure.
D. Decreased tensile strength.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with iron deficiency anemia has impaired oxygen-carrying capacity due to a deficiency in:

A. White blood cells.
B. Hemoglobin synthesis.
C. Platelet production.
D. Plasma volume.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a severe infection develops acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The primary pathological feature of ARDS is:

A. Bronchospasm.
B. Massive pulmonary edema and severe hypoxemia due to capillary-alveolar membrane damage.
C. Chronic airway inflammation.
D. Alveolar wall destruction.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient experiences edema due to decreased plasma albumin levels. This is caused by:

A. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.
B. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure.
C. Increased lymphatic drainage.
D. Increased arterial blood flow.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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