Practice Questions

A patient with acute exacerbation of ulcerative colitis (UC) develops severe bloody diarrhea. The primary pathological characteristic of UC is:

A. Patchy, transmural inflammation.
B. Continuous inflammation limited to the colon, primarily affecting the mucosa and submucosa. ✓
C. Involvement of the entire GI tract.
D. Skip lesions.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with asthma has chronic inflammation of the airways, leading to airway remodeling. This involves:

A. Permanent destruction of alveolar walls.
B. Fibrosis, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and increased mucus glands in the bronchi. ✓
C. Reversible airway constriction only.
D. Decreased collagen deposition.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

The process of wound healing by “primary intention” involves:

A. A large wound with tissue loss that heals by granulation.
B. A wound with minimal tissue loss and edges that are approximated. ✓
C. A wound that is left open and then closed later.
D. The formation of a large scar.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with severe burns develops rhabdomyolysis. This involves:

A. Fat necrosis.
B. Liquefactive necrosis.
C. Muscle tissue breakdown and release of myoglobin. ✓
D. Coagulative necrosis.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a chronic autoimmune disease develops secondary immunodeficiency. This means their immune system is compromised due to:

A. A genetic defect present at birth.
B. Another underlying disease or treatment. ✓
C. Exposure to a specific allergen.
D. Excessive production of antibodies.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) develops a pulmonary embolism (PE). The most common pathophysiological pathway for a PE is:

A. Arterial spasm in the lungs.
B. A clot dislodges from a peripheral vein and travels to the pulmonary circulation. ✓
C. Inhaled foreign body.
D. Direct lung infection.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a history of gastric ulcers develops severe abdominal pain after taking NSAIDs. The NSAIDs contribute to ulcer formation by:

A. Increasing gastric mucus production.
B. Inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, which reduces gastric mucosal protection. ✓
C. Stimulating gastric acid secretion.
D. Enhancing gastric blood flow.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with systemic infection develops acute inflammation. The cardinal signs of acute inflammation include:

A. Pallor, numbness, decreased temperature.
B. Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function. ✓
C. Jaundice, itching, weight loss.
D. Cyanosis, dyspnea, confusion.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient is diagnosed with a Type III hypersensitivity reaction. This reaction is characterized by:

A. IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation.
B. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
C. Formation of immune complexes that deposit in tissues, causing inflammation. ✓
D. Delayed T-cell mediated response.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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