Practice Questions

200. A patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is prescribed a GLP-1 receptor agonist (e.g., liraglutide). From a medicinal perspective, what is the technical pathophysiological mechanism of GLP-1 agonists?

A. Increases glucagon secretion.
B. Mimics incretin hormones, stimulating glucose-dependent insulin release, suppressing glucagon, and slowing gastric emptying.
C. Increases glucose absorption.
D. Decreases insulin sensitivity.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

199. A patient with hyperthyroidism undergoes thyroidectomy. What is the critical clinical urgency of monitoring for hypocalcemia post-operatively?

A. Risk of hypernatremia.
B. Risk of accidental parathyroid gland removal, leading to hypoparathyroidism and life-threatening hypocalcemia.
C. Risk of hyperkalemia.
D. Risk of hypoglycemia.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

198. A patient with acute pancreatitis is in severe pain. What is the technical primary pathophysiological cause of the pain?

A. Bowel obstruction.
B. Inflammation and autodigestion of the pancreas by activated enzymes.
C. Gastric acid reflux.
D. Appendicitis.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

197. A patient with a history of long-standing diabetes develops end-stage renal disease. What is the critical clinical urgency in managing this condition?

A. Oral medications for blood sugar.
B. Initiation of renal replacement therapy (dialysis or kidney transplant) to sustain life and manage complications.
C. Only dietary modifications.
D. No urgent intervention needed.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

196. A patient with liver cirrhosis develops coagulopathy. What is the technical primary pathophysiological reason for this?

A. Increased platelet count.
B. Impaired synthesis of clotting factors by the damaged liver.
C. Increased fibrinolysis.
D. Decreased red blood cell production.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

195. A patient with acute coronary syndrome has significant plaque rupture. What is the technical primary pathophysiological event following plaque rupture?

A. Vasodilation.
B. Thrombosis formation on the ruptured plaque, leading to partial or complete coronary artery occlusion.
C. Spasm of coronary artery.
D. Increased myocardial oxygen supply.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

194. A patient with uncompensated metabolic alkalosis (e.g., due to severe vomiting) develops hypokalemia. What is the technical pathophysiological mechanism causing the hypokalemia?

A. Increased potassium intake.
B. Renal potassium wasting due to increased bicarbonate and volume depletion, and intracellular shift of potassium.
C. Decreased aldosterone.
D. Decreased renal excretion.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

193. A patient with acute kidney injury is diagnosed with post-renal AKI. What is the critical clinical urgency in managing this condition?

A. To immediately start dialysis.
B. To identify and urgently relieve the obstruction to urinary outflow (e.g., catheterization, stone removal).
C. To administer loop diuretics.
D. To prescribe antibiotics.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

192. A patient with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus requires insulin therapy. From a medicinal perspective, what is the technical pathophysiological rationale for insulin in Type 1 DM?

A. To stimulate glucagon release.
B. To replace the absolute deficiency of endogenous insulin.
C. To decrease insulin resistance.
D. To delay glucose absorption.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

191. A patient with a history of smoking develops lung cancer. What is the technical primary pathophysiological mechanism of carcinogenesis in lung cancer due to smoking?

A. Viral infection.
B. DNA damage and mutations in lung cells induced by carcinogens in tobacco smoke.
C. Autoimmune reaction.
D. Bacterial infection.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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