Practice Questions

A patient with a traumatic brain injury develops Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH). This results in:

A. Increased urine output and hypernatremia.
B. Decreased urine output and hyponatremia. ✓
C. Normal fluid balance with hyperkalemia.
D. Fluid volume deficit and hypercalcemia.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a history of alcohol abuse develops liver cirrhosis. The pathological changes seen in cirrhosis are primarily characterized by:

A. Fatty infiltration with normal liver architecture.
B. Widespread fibrosis and nodule formation, disrupting liver structure and function. ✓
C. Acute inflammation with viral replication.
D. Increased bile production.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with prolonged immobility develops a pressure injury. The primary mechanism of tissue damage in pressure injuries is:

A. Direct bacterial infection.
B. Friction and shear forces causing tissue deformation and ischemia. ✓
C. Allergic reaction to bedding material.
D. Excessive moisture leading to maceration.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a severe bacterial infection develops systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and then progresses to septic shock. The key pathophysiological event in septic shock is:

A. Massive vasodilation and increased capillary permeability due to inflammatory mediators. ✓
B. Direct myocardial tissue damage.
C. Pulmonary embolism.
D. Hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) develops anemia. The most common pathophysiological reason for this is:

A. Increased red blood cell destruction.
B. Decreased iron absorption in the gut.
C. Impaired production of erythropoietin by the kidneys. ✓
D. Excessive blood loss through dialysis.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient experiences a sudden onset of chest pain described as “crushing” and radiating to the left arm. This pain is caused by myocardial ischemia, which is a result of:

A. Decreased oxygen demand by the heart.
B. Inadequate oxygen supply to the myocardium. ✓
C. Increased venous return to the heart.
D. Pulmonary hypertension.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

During the inflammatory response, the primary purpose of vasodilation is to:

A. Decrease blood flow to the injured area.
B. Reduce capillary permeability.
C. Increase blood flow to the injured area, facilitating delivery of immune cells. ✓
D. Constrict arterioles to limit swelling.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus develops diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The primary underlying pathophysiological mechanism of DKA is:

A. Excessive insulin production leading to hypoglycemia.
B. Absolute or relative insulin deficiency leading to increased fat metabolism and ketone body formation. ✓
C. Excessive fluid intake leading to hyponatremia.
D. Increased renal excretion of glucose without ketone production.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient develops a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) after receiving a medication. This type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily mediated by:

A. IgG antibodies.
B. T-cytotoxic cells.
C. IgE antibodies and mast cell degranulation. ✓
D. Immune complexes.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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