Practice Questions

140. A patient presents with acute onset of severe headache, vomiting, and stiff neck. A CT scan shows blood in the subarachnoid space. What is the urgent clinical medicinal intervention required?

A. Oral analgesics.
B. Immediate neurosurgical consultation for potential clipping or coiling of aneurysm and blood pressure management.
C. Observation.
D. Antihistamines.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

139. A patient with chronic liver disease develops ascites. What is the technical primary pathophysiological mechanism of ascites in cirrhosis?

A. Decreased hydrostatic pressure.
B. Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia, leading to fluid extravasation into the peritoneal cavity.
C. Increased lymphatic drainage.
D. Increased oncotic pressure.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

138. A patient with hyperparathyroidism presents with hypercalcemia. What is the technical primary pathophysiological cause of the hypercalcemia?

A. Decreased parathyroid hormone.
B. Excess parathyroid hormone leading to increased bone resorption and renal calcium reabsorption.
C. Vitamin D deficiency.
D. Increased calcitonin.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

137. A patient with a history of ulcerative colitis presents with acute exacerbation, bloody diarrhea, and abdominal pain. What is the technical primary pathophysiological characteristic of ulcerative colitis?

A. Transmural inflammation with skip lesions.
B. Chronic superficial inflammation limited to the colon and rectum.
C. Formation of fistulas.
D. Gastric acid erosion.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

136. A patient with uncontrolled hypertension develops target organ damage. What is the critical underlying pathophysiological mechanism of hypertension leading to organ damage?

A. Increased blood volume.
B. Chronic endothelial injury, inflammation, and vascular remodeling, leading to atherosclerosis and organ ischemia.
C. Decreased cardiac output.
D. Vasodilation.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

135. A patient with a large pneumothorax (collapsed lung) presents with sudden onset of dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, and diminished breath sounds on the affected side. What is the technical primary pathophysiological mechanism?

A. Bronchoconstriction.
B. Air accumulating in the pleural space, causing lung collapse and impaired ventilation.
C. Alveolar inflammation.
D. Pulmonary embolism.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

134. A patient with hemolytic anemia develops jaundice. What is the technical primary pathophysiological cause of the jaundice?

A. Increased conjugated bilirubin.
B. Increased unconjugated bilirubin due to accelerated red blood cell destruction.
C. Liver failure.
D. Biliary obstruction.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

133. A patient with suspected meningitis presents with nuchal rigidity, fever, and altered mental status. What is the urgent clinical action required based on the likely pathophysiology?

A. Oral analgesics.
B. Lumbar puncture to confirm diagnosis and identify pathogen for targeted medicinal treatment.
C. Antihistamines.
D. Head CT scan only.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

132. A patient with chronic kidney disease develops hyperphosphatemia. What is the technical primary pathophysiological reason for this?

A. Increased renal reabsorption of phosphate.
B. Impaired renal excretion of phosphate.
C. Decreased phosphate intake.
D. Increased parathyroid hormone.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

131. A patient with Crohn’s disease experiences frequent flare-ups. What is the technical primary pathophysiological mechanism of inflammation in Crohn’s disease?

A. Superficial inflammation limited to the mucosa.
B. Dysregulated immune response to gut microbiota, leading to chronic transmural inflammation.
C. Viral infection.
D. Ischemic bowel disease.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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