Practice Questions

A patient with a long history of smoking develops emphysema, a form of COPD. The primary pathological change in emphysema is:

A. Bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy.
B. Alveolar wall destruction and loss of elastic recoil. ✓
C. Reversible airway inflammation.
D. Increased mucus gland hyperplasia.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with severe sepsis develops disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The key pathophysiological feature of DIC is:

A. Excessive clot formation leading to widespread microvascular thrombosis and consumption of clotting factors, followed by bleeding. ✓
B. Only excessive bleeding with no clot formation.
C. Increased production of platelets.
D. Decreased fibrinolysis.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a genetic disorder has two copies of the abnormal gene on non-sex chromosomes to manifest the disease. This inheritance pattern is:

A. Autosomal dominant.
B. Autosomal recessive. ✓
C. X-linked dominant.
D. X-linked recessive.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a severe burn injury develops massive edema in the affected area. This is primarily due to:

A. Increased intravascular protein synthesis.
B. Decreased capillary permeability.
C. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased capillary permeability. ✓
D. Decreased lymphatic drainage.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with asthma experiences an acute exacerbation. The primary pathophysiological changes in the airways during an asthma attack include:

A. Bronchial smooth muscle relaxation and decreased mucus production.
B. Bronchospasm, airway inflammation, and increased mucus production. ✓
C. Destruction of alveolar walls.
D. Fluid accumulation in the pleural space.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient with a stroke is diagnosed with an ischemic stroke. The primary pathophysiological event causing this type of stroke is:

A. Rupture of a cerebral blood vessel.
B. An embolus or thrombus obstructing cerebral blood flow. ✓
C. Vasospasm of cerebral arteries.
D. Hypoxia due to respiratory failure.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of which cells in the pancreas?

A. Alpha cells.
B. Beta cells. ✓
C. Delta cells.
D. Acinar cells.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient experiences severe vomiting and diarrhea. The nurse anticipates the development of which acid-base imbalance?

A. Respiratory acidosis.
B. Metabolic acidosis. ✓
C. Respiratory alkalosis.
D. Metabolic alkalosis.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

In the process of carcinogenesis, “initiation” refers to:

A. The rapid proliferation of genetically altered cells.
B. The irreversible genetic alteration of a cell by a carcinogen. ✓
C. The spread of cancer cells to distant sites.
D. The formation of a visible tumor.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026

A patient develops a tumor that is encapsulated, well-differentiated, and does not metastasize. This describes a:

A. Malignant tumor.
B. Benign tumor. ✓
C. Carcinoma in situ.
D. Sarcoma.
nmdcat.online BS Nursing
Jun 6, 2026
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