A.
Decrease blood flow to the injured area.
✓
B.
Reduce capillary permeability.
✓
C.
Increase blood flow to the injured area, facilitating delivery of immune cells.
✓
D.
Constrict arterioles to limit swelling.
✓
A.
Decreased oxygen demand by the heart.
✓
B.
Inadequate oxygen supply to the myocardium.
✓
C.
Increased venous return to the heart.
✓
D.
Pulmonary hypertension.
✓
A.
Increased red blood cell destruction.
✓
B.
Decreased iron absorption in the gut.
✓
C.
Impaired production of erythropoietin by the kidneys.
✓
D.
Excessive blood loss through dialysis.
✓
A.
Massive vasodilation and increased capillary permeability due to inflammatory mediators.
✓
B.
Direct myocardial tissue damage.
✓
D.
Hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance.
✓
A.
Direct bacterial infection.
✓
B.
Friction and shear forces causing tissue deformation and ischemia.
✓
C.
Allergic reaction to bedding material.
✓
D.
Excessive moisture leading to maceration.
✓
A.
Fatty infiltration with normal liver architecture.
✓
B.
Widespread fibrosis and nodule formation, disrupting liver structure and function.
✓
C.
Acute inflammation with viral replication.
✓
D.
Increased bile production.
✓
A.
Increased urine output and hypernatremia.
✓
B.
Decreased urine output and hyponatremia.
✓
C.
Normal fluid balance with hyperkalemia.
✓
D.
Fluid volume deficit and hypercalcemia.
✓
A.
The rapid proliferation of genetically altered cells.
✓
B.
The irreversible genetic alteration of a cell by a carcinogen.
✓
C.
The spread of cancer cells to distant sites.
✓
D.
The formation of a visible tumor.
✓
A.
Respiratory acidosis.
✓
C.
Respiratory alkalosis.
✓
D.
Metabolic alkalosis.
✓
A.
Rupture of a cerebral blood vessel.
✓
B.
An embolus or thrombus obstructing cerebral blood flow.
✓
C.
Vasospasm of cerebral arteries.
✓
D.
Hypoxia due to respiratory failure.
✓
C.
IgE antibodies and mast cell degranulation.
✓
A.
Excessive insulin production leading to hypoglycemia.
✓
B.
Absolute or relative insulin deficiency leading to increased fat metabolism and ketone body formation.
✓
C.
Excessive fluid intake leading to hyponatremia.
✓
D.
Increased renal excretion of glucose without ketone production.
✓
B.
DNA damage and mutations in lung cells induced by carcinogens in tobacco smoke.
✓
C.
Autoimmune reaction.
✓
D.
Bacterial infection.
✓
A.
To stimulate glucagon release.
✓
B.
To replace the absolute deficiency of endogenous insulin.
✓
C.
To decrease insulin resistance.
✓
D.
To delay glucose absorption.
✓
A.
To immediately start dialysis.
✓
B.
To identify and urgently relieve the obstruction to urinary outflow (e.g., catheterization, stone removal).
✓
C.
To administer loop diuretics.
✓
D.
To prescribe antibiotics.
✓
A.
Increased potassium intake.
✓
B.
Renal potassium wasting due to increased bicarbonate and volume depletion, and intracellular shift of potassium.
✓
C.
Decreased aldosterone.
✓
D.
Decreased renal excretion.
✓
