A.
Degeneration of articular cartilage.
✓
B.
Autoimmune inflammation of the synovial membrane.
✓
C.
Deposition of uric acid crystals.
✓
D.
Bacterial infection of the joint.
✓
A.
Decreased oncotic pressure.
✓
B.
Increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary capillaries due to left ventricular dysfunction.
✓
C.
Increased lymphatic drainage.
✓
D.
Decreased capillary permeability.
✓
A.
Acute myocardial infarction.
✓
C.
Aortic dissection, requiring urgent surgical intervention.
✓
A.
Increased metabolic rate.
✓
B.
Decreased production of thyroid hormones, leading to a generalized hypometabolic state.
✓
C.
Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal glands.
✓
D.
Excess growth hormone.
✓
C.
Barrett's esophagus (metaplasia).
✓
A.
Loss of dopaminergic neurons.
✓
B.
Accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
✓
C.
Demyelination of nerve fibers.
✓
D.
Increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure.
✓
A.
Acute inflammation of nerve endings.
✓
B.
Demyelination due to autoimmune attack.
✓
C.
Microvascular damage and metabolic alterations affecting nerve fibers.
✓
D.
Compression of spinal nerves.
✓
B.
Needle decompression for tension pneumothorax.
✓
C.
Inhaled bronchodilator.
✓
A.
Complement activation.
✓
B.
Autoantibody production.
✓
C.
Massive release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells and basophils.
✓
D.
T-cell mediated cytotoxicity.
✓
A.
Glomerular hyperfiltration.
✓
B.
Direct tubular damage from myoglobin casts.
✓
C.
Increased erythropoietin production.
✓
D.
Renal artery stenosis.
✓
A.
Increases reabsorption of sodium and water.
✓
B.
Blocks aldosterone receptors.
✓
C.
Inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle, leading to increased diuresis.
✓
D.
Decreases heart rate.
✓
B.
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).
✓
C.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
✓
D.
Vitamin K deficiency.
✓
A.
Impaired glucose metabolism.
✓
B.
Portal hypertension and hepatocellular dysfunction.
✓
C.
Renal tubular damage.
✓
D.
Increased bile production.
✓
B.
Asthma exacerbation.
✓
C.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), requiring ventilatory support.
✓
D.
Congestive heart failure.
✓
A.
Directly relaxes vascular smooth muscle.
✓
B.
Increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.
✓
C.
Blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion.
✓
D.
Stimulates sympathetic nervous system.
✓
B.
Myocardial infarction.
✓
D.
Asthma exacerbation.
✓
A.
T-cell mediated destruction of tissues.
✓
B.
Autoantibody production and immune complex deposition.
✓
C.
IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction.
✓
D.
Non-inflammatory joint degeneration.
✓
A.
Viral meningitis, requiring symptomatic treatment.
✓
B.
Bacterial meningitis, requiring urgent broad-spectrum antibiotics.
✓
C.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage, requiring surgical consultation.
✓
D.
Migraine headache, requiring analgesics.
✓
B.
Vitamin B12 deficiency.
✓
C.
Decreased production of erythropoietin by the kidneys.
✓
D.
Increased red blood cell destruction.
✓
