A.
Presence of severe ketosis and acidosis.
✓
B.
Profound hyperglycemia and hyperosmolarity without significant ketosis.
✓
C.
Absence of dehydration.
✓
D.
Normal insulin levels.
✓
A.
Direct invasion of gastric cells.
✓
B.
Production of urease, leading to ammonia formation and gastric mucosal damage, and inflammation.
✓
C.
Induction of autoimmune reaction.
✓
D.
Impaired gastric emptying.
✓
A.
Increases LDL cholesterol.
✓
B.
Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques.
✓
C.
Increases triglyceride levels.
✓
D.
Directly dilates coronary arteries.
✓
B.
Risk of spinal cord compression.
✓
D.
Risk of kidney stones.
✓
A.
Loss of dopaminergic neurons.
✓
B.
Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS.
✓
C.
Accumulation of amyloid plaques.
✓
D.
Peripheral nerve inflammation.
✓
A.
Decreased synthetic function of the liver.
✓
B.
Portal hypertension, causing collateral circulation and dilation of esophageal veins.
✓
C.
Inflammation of the esophagus.
✓
D.
Gastric acid reflux.
✓
A.
Prerenal azotemia due to hypovolemia.
✓
B.
Postrenal obstruction.
✓
C.
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) due to renal hypoperfusion and inflammatory mediators.
✓
B.
Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial nerve paralysis).
✓
C.
Trigeminal neuralgia.
✓
A.
Autoimmune reaction.
✓
B.
Progressive destruction of CD4+ T lymphocytes.
✓
C.
Hyperactivity of B lymphocytes.
✓
D.
Increased production of antibodies.
✓
A.
Oral diuretics and observation.
✓
B.
Immediate administration of IV diuretics and vasodilators to reduce preload and afterload.
✓
A.
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
✓
B.
Decreased insulin production.
✓
C.
Impaired cellular response to insulin, leading to inadequate glucose uptake by peripheral tissues.
✓
D.
Excess glucagon secretion.
✓
A.
Myocardial cell necrosis.
✓
B.
Imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand.
✓
C.
Pericardial inflammation.
✓
A.
Autoimmune attack on the pancreas.
✓
B.
Obstruction of the pancreatic duct by a gallstone.
✓
C.
Premature activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas.
✓
D.
Bacterial infection.
✓
A.
To identify the underlying cause (pre-renal, intra-renal, post-renal) to guide urgent specific management.
✓
B.
To immediately start dialysis.
✓
C.
To administer large volumes of fluids.
✓
D.
To prescribe antibiotics.
✓
A.
Adrenal insufficiency.
✓
B.
Excess glucocorticoid (cortisol) production.
✓
C.
Excess aldosterone production.
✓
D.
Thyroid hormone deficiency.
✓
A.
Excessive production of lactic acid.
✓
B.
Impaired alveolar ventilation and CO2? retention.
✓
C.
Loss of bicarbonate from the kidneys.
✓
D.
Overproduction of ketone bodies.
✓
A.
Blocks beta-adrenergic receptors.
✓
B.
Inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme.
✓
C.
Blocks calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac cells, leading to vasodilation and reduced cardiac contractility.
✓
D.
Increases sodium excretion.
✓
A.
Alveolar destruction and air trapping.
✓
B.
Chronic inflammation of the bronchi, leading to mucus hypersecretion, airway obstruction, and hypoxemia/hypercapnia.
✓
C.
Reversible bronchospasm.
✓
A.
Dilation of the left ventricle.
✓
B.
Increased afterload, leading to compensatory hypertrophy of the left ventricle.
✓
D.
Increased cardiac output.
✓
