Quaternary structure exists only in proteins composed of more than one polypeptide chain, such as hemoglobin.
Saturated fatty acids lack carbon-carbon double bonds.
Essential amino acids lack the necessary biosynthetic pathways in the organism. For humans, there are nine essential amino acids (e.g., lysine, valine, phenylalanine). Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized from common metabolic intermediates.
The polar head interacts with water inside and outside the cell.
The peptide bond exhibits resonance between the carbonyl oxygen and the amide nitrogen. This resonance gives the C-N bond approximately 40% double-bond character, restricting rotation and making the six atoms of the peptide group lie in a single plane.
Neutral fats are uncharged due to the absence of phosphate groups.
Esterification is a condensation reaction because water is removed.
Glycerol is a three-carbon alcohol forming the backbone of triglycerides.
Double bonds prevent close packing, lowering the melting point.
Triglycerides lack phosphate groups and function mainly in energy storage.
Esterification releases one water molecule per ester bond formed.
Fatty acid chains repel water and face inward within the membrane.
All three fatty acids attached to glycerol are the same in simple triglycerides.
Their bilayer regulates movement of substances across membranes.
Phospholipids contain additional phosphate-containing head groups compared to triglycerides.
Lipids contain more C-H bonds, producing more ATP during oxidation.
The phospholipid bilayer provides stability while remaining fluid.
A monoglyceride consists of glycerol esterified with a single fatty acid.
Bile salts break large fat droplets into smaller droplets, increasing surface area for lipase.
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