A.
Decreased calcium absorption.
✓
B.
Excess cortisol leading to increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation.
✓
C.
Vitamin D deficiency.
✓
D.
Increased estrogen levels.
✓
A.
Diastolic dysfunction.
✓
B.
Impaired systolic function and reduced cardiac output.
✓
D.
Normal cardiac function.
✓
A.
Inflammation of the pancreas.
✓
B.
Erosion of the gastric or duodenal mucosa by acid and pepsin.
✓
A.
To increase blood viscosity.
✓
B.
To maintain tissue oxygen delivery despite reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.
✓
C.
To decrease cardiac workload.
✓
D.
To increase red blood cell production.
✓
A.
To administer more warfarin.
✓
B.
Immediate reversal of anticoagulation with Vitamin K and/or fresh frozen plasma (FFP).
✓
C.
To administer aspirin.
✓
D.
To observe the bleeding.
✓
B.
Accumulation of uremic toxins.
✓
B.
Inflammation of the glomeruli, leading to increased permeability and impaired filtration.
✓
C.
Obstruction of the urinary tract.
✓
D.
Renal artery stenosis.
✓
A.
Localized inflammation.
✓
B.
Uncontrolled systemic inflammation leading to widespread endothelial injury, organ dysfunction, and failure.
✓
D.
Nutritional deficiency.
✓
A.
Inflammation of the retina.
✓
B.
Neovascularization (new blood vessel growth) due to chronic ischemia and hypoxia.
✓
C.
Detachment of the retina.
✓
D.
Increased intraocular pressure.
✓
B.
Increased production or decreased excretion of metabolic acids.
✓
C.
Overproduction of CO2?.
✓
D.
Excessive loss of chloride.
✓
A.
Pancreatic inflammation.
✓
B.
Gallstone obstruction of the cystic duct, leading to inflammation of the gallbladder.
✓
A.
Loss of muscle strength.
✓
B.
Damage to upper motor neurons, leading to increased muscle tone and hyperreflexia.
✓
C.
Peripheral nerve damage.
✓
B.
Compression of the lung by fluid in the pleural space, limiting lung expansion.
✓
C.
Alveolar inflammation.
✓
A.
Impaired red blood cell production due to insufficient iron for hemoglobin synthesis.
✓
B.
Increased red blood cell destruction.
✓
C.
Vitamin B12 deficiency.
✓
D.
Bone marrow failure.
✓
A.
Inflammation of diverticula (outpouchings) in the colon, often due to fecal impaction.
✓
D.
Inflammatory bowel disease.
✓
A.
Obstruction of the urinary tract.
✓
B.
Reduced renal perfusion (e.g., due to hypovolemia or decreased cardiac output).
✓
C.
Direct damage to kidney tubules.
✓
D.
Glomerular inflammation.
✓
A.
Accumulation of amyloid plaques.
✓
B.
Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.
✓
C.
Demyelination of nerve fibers.
✓
D.
Increased acetylcholine production.
✓
B.
Immediate administration of inhaled short-acting beta-agonists and systemic corticosteroids.
✓
D.
Nasal decongestants.
✓
A.
Increased plasma oncotic pressure.
✓
B.
Increased systemic venous pressure due to right ventricular failure, or fluid retention secondary to left-sided failure.
✓
C.
Decreased capillary permeability.
✓
D.
Decreased hydrostatic pressure.
✓
