MCQs
11142 questions found
A.
Prerenal azotemia due to hypovolemia.
✓
B.
Postrenal obstruction.
✓
C.
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) due to renal hypoperfusion and inflammatory mediators.
✓
A.
Decreased synthetic function of the liver.
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B.
Portal hypertension, causing collateral circulation and dilation of esophageal veins.
✓
C.
Inflammation of the esophagus.
✓
D.
Gastric acid reflux.
✓
A.
Blocks beta-adrenergic receptors.
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B.
Inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme.
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C.
Blocks calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac cells, leading to vasodilation and reduced cardiac contractility.
✓
D.
Increases sodium excretion.
✓
A.
Excessive production of lactic acid.
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B.
Impaired alveolar ventilation and CO2? retention.
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C.
Loss of bicarbonate from the kidneys.
✓
D.
Overproduction of ketone bodies.
✓
A.
Adrenal insufficiency.
✓
B.
Excess glucocorticoid (cortisol) production.
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C.
Excess aldosterone production.
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D.
Thyroid hormone deficiency.
✓
A.
To identify the underlying cause (pre-renal, intra-renal, post-renal) to guide urgent specific management.
✓
B.
To immediately start dialysis.
✓
C.
To administer large volumes of fluids.
✓
D.
To prescribe antibiotics.
✓
A.
Autoimmune attack on the pancreas.
✓
B.
Obstruction of the pancreatic duct by a gallstone.
✓
C.
Premature activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas.
✓
D.
Bacterial infection.
✓
A.
Myocardial cell necrosis.
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B.
Imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand.
✓
C.
Pericardial inflammation.
✓
A.
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
✓
B.
Decreased insulin production.
✓
C.
Impaired cellular response to insulin, leading to inadequate glucose uptake by peripheral tissues.
✓
D.
Excess glucagon secretion.
✓
C.
Bowel obstruction, requiring urgent surgical assessment.
✓
D.
Irritable bowel syndrome.
✓
A.
Dilation of the left ventricle.
✓
B.
Increased afterload, leading to compensatory hypertrophy of the left ventricle.
✓
D.
Increased cardiac output.
✓
A.
Alveolar destruction and air trapping.
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B.
Chronic inflammation of the bronchi, leading to mucus hypersecretion, airway obstruction, and hypoxemia/hypercapnia.
✓
C.
Reversible bronchospasm.
✓
A.
Administering large volumes of intravenous fluids.
✓
B.
Promptly treating the underlying cause of sepsis and managing bleeding/thrombosis.
✓
C.
Performing immediate surgery.
✓
D.
Providing only symptomatic relief.
✓
A.
Increases blood pressure.
✓
B.
Inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombus formation.
✓
C.
Directly dilates coronary arteries.
✓
D.
Increases myocardial contractility.
✓
A.
Autoimmune inflammation of the synovial membrane.
✓
B.
Degeneration of articular cartilage.
✓
C.
Deposition of uric acid crystals.
✓
D.
Bacterial infection of the joint.
✓
A.
Accumulation of glucose in the brain.
✓
B.
Impaired detoxification of ammonia and other neurotoxins by the liver.
✓
D.
Electrolyte imbalance.
✓
B.
Cardiac arrhythmias and potential cardiac arrest.
✓
D.
Metabolic alkalosis.
✓
A.
Venous insufficiency.
✓
B.
Arterial stenosis/occlusion, leading to muscle ischemia during exertion.
✓
