- Direct invasion of gastric cells.
- Production of urease, leading to ammonia formation and gastric mucosal damage, and inflammation.
- Induction of autoimmune reaction.
- Impaired gastric emptying.
No category found.
- Oral diuretics and observation.
- Immediate administration of IV diuretics and vasodilators to reduce preload and afterload.
- Anticoagulants.
- Oral antibiotics.
- Autoimmune reaction.
- Progressive destruction of CD4+ T lymphocytes.
- Hyperactivity of B lymphocytes.
- Increased production of antibodies.
- Stroke.
- Bell's palsy (idiopathic facial nerve paralysis).
- Trigeminal neuralgia.
- Myasthenia gravis.
- Prerenal azotemia due to hypovolemia.
- Postrenal obstruction.
- Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) due to renal hypoperfusion and inflammatory mediators.
- Glomerulonephritis.
- Decreased synthetic function of the liver.
- Portal hypertension, causing collateral circulation and dilation of esophageal veins.
- Inflammation of the esophagus.
- Gastric acid reflux.
- Blocks beta-adrenergic receptors.
- Inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme.
- Blocks calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac cells, leading to vasodilation and reduced cardiac contractility.
- Increases sodium excretion.
- Excessive production of lactic acid.
- Impaired alveolar ventilation and CO2? retention.
- Loss of bicarbonate from the kidneys.
- Overproduction of ketone bodies.
- Adrenal insufficiency.
- Excess glucocorticoid (cortisol) production.
- Excess aldosterone production.
- Thyroid hormone deficiency.
- To identify the underlying cause (pre-renal, intra-renal, post-renal) to guide urgent specific management.
- To immediately start dialysis.
- To administer large volumes of fluids.
- To prescribe antibiotics.
- Autoimmune attack on the pancreas.
- Obstruction of the pancreatic duct by a gallstone.
- Premature activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas.
- Bacterial infection.
- Myocardial cell necrosis.
- Imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand.
- Pericardial inflammation.
- Esophageal spasm.
- Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
- Decreased insulin production.
- Impaired cellular response to insulin, leading to inadequate glucose uptake by peripheral tissues.
- Excess glucagon secretion.
- Gastroenteritis.
- Appendicitis.
- Bowel obstruction, requiring urgent surgical assessment.
- Irritable bowel syndrome.
- Dilation of the left ventricle.
- Increased afterload, leading to compensatory hypertrophy of the left ventricle.
- Valvular stenosis.
- Increased cardiac output.
- Alveolar destruction and air trapping.
- Chronic inflammation of the bronchi, leading to mucus hypersecretion, airway obstruction, and hypoxemia/hypercapnia.
- Reversible bronchospasm.
- Pulmonary fibrosis.
- Administering large volumes of intravenous fluids.
- Promptly treating the underlying cause of sepsis and managing bleeding/thrombosis.
- Performing immediate surgery.
- Providing only symptomatic relief.
- Esophageal varices.
- Peptic ulcer.
- Diverticulitis.
- Hemorrhoids.
- Increases blood pressure.
- Inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombus formation.
- Directly dilates coronary arteries.
- Increases myocardial contractility.
