- the virus is too small to be seen
- the viral antigens change, so antibodies from a previous vaccine may no longer be effective
- the virus cannot be grown in a lab
- the virus does not have any antigens
No category found.
- diabetes
- dissolving blood clots in heart attack or stroke patients
- fighting viral infections
- dwarfism
- a cancer cell and a virus
- two different types of cancer cells
- a B-lymphocyte (plasma cell) and a myeloma (cancer) cell
- a T-cell and a B-cell
- introduce a different type of antigen
- re-stimulate the immune system to maintain long-term memory and a high level of antibodies
- test if the first vaccine worked
- cure the disease if it has been contracted
- gene therapy
- monoclonal antibody production
- DNA fingerprinting
- recombinant DNA technology
- make the probe bind more tightly
- allow for the visualization of the probe after it has bound to its target sequence
- make the probe harmless to the patient
- increase the probe's molecular weight
- using more dangerous, live viruses
- using only the specific antigens of a pathogen, rather than the whole organism
- using animal-derived antibodies
- using non-scientific methods
- providing the missing protein product
- introducing a correct copy of a defective gene into the patient's cells
- creating a vaccine against the disorder
- diagnosing the disorder using DNA probes
- two antigens binding to one antibody
- an enzyme and a substrate
- a primary antibody, the antigen, and a secondary enzyme-linked antibody
- a DNA probe and a target gene
- they provide a stronger immune response
- they contain no pathogenic genetic material and have no risk of reverting to a virulent form
- they are easier to administer
- they are made from human cells
- antiviral and anticancer drugs
- pain relievers
- growth hormones
- vaccines
- the patient's DNA is healthy
- the probe has failed to work
- the presence of the complementary target DNA sequence
- the patient has a high temperature
- a weakened version of the same virus
- a human white blood cell
- a bacterial plasmid or yeast cell
- a solution of antibodies
- recombinant human growth hormone (somatotropin)
- insulin extracted from pigs
- a course of strong antibiotics
- a genetically modified diet
- ability to replicate inside host cells
- very high specificity for a single epitope on an antigen
- small size and low molecular weight
- ability to cause a fever
- introducing a weakened virus into the body
- introducing viral antigens directly into the bloodstream
- providing the host cells with genetic code to produce a specific viral antigen, triggering an immune response
- containing antibodies against the virus
- was less effective than pig or cow insulin
- eliminated the risk of allergic reactions and pathogen transmission from animal sources
- is much more expensive to produce
- can only be used by a small subset of diabetics
- protein synthesis
- monoclonal antibody binding
- DNA replication
- nucleic acid hybridization
- provides lifelong immunity from a single dose
- contains the whole pathogen
- cannot cause the disease because it lacks the pathogen's genetic material
- is cheaper to produce
